The Criminal Justice System An Instrument Of Social Control

INTRODUCTION Criminal Justice in general terms refers to the agencies of government charged with enforcing law, adjudicating crime, and correcting criminal conduct in the society. The criminal justice system is essentially an instrument of social control used by the government. Society considers some behaviors so dangerous and destructive that it either tries to strictly control their occurrence or outlaws them outright. It is therefore, the job of the agencies of justice to prevent these behaviors by apprehending and punishing transgressors or deterring their future occurrence. Two central philosophies anchor the commonly accepted idea of criminal justice. The first is a ardent requirement for increased conviction rates and the second is the perception that the people in prisons deserve punishment rather than rehabilitation. These philosophies have especially grave consequences for the underprivileged and marginalized. The criminal justice system is based on laws that are arbitrary and operate to the disadvantage of the poor and come across as law for the poor rather than law of the poor. It applies on the weaker sections of the community, regardless constitutional guarantees to the contrary. There are scarcely any public to advocate for new laws to help the deprived and there are virtually none to compel the government along with the legislature to amend the laws to protect the weak and the poor. Even after so many years of independence, no sincere efforts have been madeShow MoreRelatedThe Doctrinal Design Has Been Used To Study The Jurisprudential1425 Words   |  6 Pagesis the status of child witnesses in the Criminal Justice system? 1.6 Chapterization Scheme:It should in sentence format CHAPTER NAME CONTENTS 1. Introduction Witness assumes additional significance in adversarial system of criminal justice where the onus of proving the case lies on the prosecution and the witness of prosecution becomes important in the pursuit of exploring the truth. 2. Criminal Justice System in India Our adversarial criminal justice system aims at reducing the level of criminalityRead MoreThe Mechanisms Of The Criminal Justice System902 Words   |  4 Pagesof the criminal justice system in America function as more than the instruments for determining guilt in a criminal court case. Through the creation and enforcement of laws, it is a reflection of our society’s morals and values. It is our form of social control. 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Karl Marx, who is portrayed as a revolutionary figure, proposes that the history of our existing society can be analyzed as a history of class struggles (Pavlich 92), and that discrepancy between classes is the cause of conflict. He argues that the ruling class promotes the dominant ideas. If ideas are shaped by the material world (Pavlich 90), and law is a system of rules that are legislated by a political body and govern social relations, then itRead MoreCrime Prevention Concepts and Theory, Such as Crime Prevention Through Environmental Design (Cpted) and Other Such Preventative Programs.1713 Words   |  7 Pagesviolation of the law by itself, or by instruments, mechanisms or persons. We can also define the action as characteristic unlawful and guilty. For the commission of the crime must exist: Will: The will, by the active subject of the offense. It is the intention itself. Activity: This is the do or act. It is the positive or human body movement designed to produce the act. 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Kevin Mitnick was once known as the worlds most wanted social engineering computer hacker. From the 1970s up to his arrest in 1995, Mitnick was able to elude them bypass corporate security safeguards. Mitnick was able to get into some of the well-guarded systems in the corporate world. SomeRead MoreGenetic Epidemiology of Antisocial Behavior Essay693 Words   |  3 Pagescauses anti-social behavior in individuals, and how can it be prevented are questions proposed in Ty A. Ridenour‘s Genetic Epidemiology of Antisocial Behavior. Ridenours contention is that biological factors and genes play a role in the development of anti-social criminal behavior in individuals. Familial aggregation which Ridenour explains is the tendency for criminal and antisocial behavior to run in families, is the focus of Ridenours debate that genetics and anti-social behavior areRead More Is The Criminal Justice System Racially Biased? Essay1743 Words   |  7 Pages Is the Criminal Justice System Racially Biased? Most criminologist use two sources of criminal justice data in the United States: the Uniform Crime Reports (UCR) and the National Crime Victimization Surveys (NCVS). The URC data is made from law enforcement agencies and include crime incidents reported to or obtained by the police. NCVS data is obtained from a very complex national survey of a sample of homes and provide information about crime incidents and victims for both reported and unreportedRead MoreEssay on Criminal Behavior579 Words   |  3 Pages Criminal law is essentially concerned with the regulation of behaviour. This may involve prohibitions on some kinds of behaviour such as stealing another person’s property or harming them deliberately. Some criminal laws may require a specific action, such as having insurance when driving a car, or complying with regulations. In some instances it is the combination of behaviour with a particular situation that defines a crime such as being drunk in a public place. In

Integrating Technology Into The Classroom Instruction

Technology Integration Integrating technology into the classroom instruction means more than just teaching basic computer skills in a computer class. Technology integration must happen throughout the curriculum to enhance the learning process. Throughout my Black History/Civil Rights lesson, I integrated technology by using PowerPoint presentations, pictures, maps, and allowing the students to use laptops for research and for extended learning. The technology that I used to enhance the lessons encouraged active engagement and participation individually as well as in groups. Technology was helpful with the group projects and the students enjoyed the opportunities. Learning through group projects with the use of technology allowed the students to be challenged while providing them with experience. Assessments After each lesson, the students were assessed on what they learned and their understanding of the lesson. The assessment also gave me an idea of if I needed to go back and review more on the lesson or if I could move on to the next lesson. This unit included the following assessments: Lesson 1: Students were assessed by completing page 2 of their workbooks, filling in the timeline with the correct event, 85% accuracy, after reading the timeline of MLK’s life on page 1 of their workbook. Lesson 2: The students were assessed by completing 5 6 in the WB. Directions were to fill in the blank with the correct word that makes the facts true about Rosa Parks. On page 6Show MoreRelatedIntegrating Instructional Technology Essay1046 Words   |  5 PagesIntegrating Instructional Technology Rationale The intention of the Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan is to enhance the use of technology in the classroom to improve the education that students receive in their learning and communicating. The detail found within the Comprehensive Classroom Technology Plan will describe the ability of the teacher to use technology in an effective manner within the classroom while providing a safe, secure, and educational environment for students to learnRead MorePro And Cons Of Technology Essay1287 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction For the 21-century learner, learning how to navigate technology is essential to success in life. In addition to reading, math, social studies, and science, technology is becoming an important part of curriculum. Integration of technology into already existing curriculum is necessary to maximum instructional time. In addition to preparing learners for technology use in future occupations, technology can enhance a student’s learning especially in reading. With the invention of manyRead More Integrating Technology in the Language Arts Classroom Essay719 Words   |  3 PagesIntegrating Technology in the Language Arts Classroom School leaders today are under extreme pressure to improve student achievement levels. Yet, in the face of tight budgets, threats to cut extra-curricular activities, and an extensive shortage of textbooks in the schools, exactly what are teachers supposed to do to ensure that â€Å"no child is really left behind.† Despite what looks like a dead end, there is hope. By integrating the usage of technology in the Language Arts classroom, studentsRead MoreEffective Instruction For English Learners1414 Words   |  6 PagesSummary one: Effective Instruction for English Learners Calderon, Slavin and Sanchez (2011) in their article â€Å"Effective Instruction for English Learners† consider the problem of students who are non English speakers and come to live in the USA for several reasons such as immigrants. The U.S government requires every school that has more than 5 percent non-English speakers to provide these with specialized programs. The authors go to explain useful instructions for teaching students English LanguageRead MoreThe Fair Street Ib World School Vision835 Words   |  4 Pagesvision of technology is to support our culture of thinking critically, acting compassionately, working meaningfully, choosing wisely, and living joyfully by providing access to technology that empower and educate students. Our vision is to inspire, nurture, challenge, and prepare our students to maximize technology to positively impact student achievement as we educate them to be successful in a 21st century global society. All members of the school communi ty will utilize technology to streamlineRead MoreDifferent Types Of Curriculum Affects You And Other Students877 Words   |  4 Pagesteachers have the major responsibility for instruction. For the most part the curriculum is set. 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In instruction teachers are giving the students the curriculumRead MoreImportance Of Technology In Education1417 Words   |  6 PagesTechnology in Education Topic: The integration of technology into the modern day education process In what way education has changed in favor of using technologies vs the past Reasons why schools might be changing towards the side of using technology more Formations : effects introducing adolescent to technology integrate tech and is it in their favor to do so Intelligent tutoring , Potential disadvantages to integrating partially or fully integrating into education( is it a bad idea PositiveRead MoreGoals, Objectives, And Activities. The Goal Of This Proposal1062 Words   |  5 Pagesthis proposal is to begin purposefully and meaningfully integrating technology into the curriculum at WFLS. In order to accomplish that, the school administration needs to adopt the previously mentioned technology vision. This will offer guidance to all technology integration in the classroom and school. Once a vision has been adopted, the technology team will form and begin providing professional development for teachers. The technology team will begin providing the professional development rightRead More Teachers Education Essay1648 Words   |  7 PagesTeachers Education Not only do the rapid growth of technology changed the way we live, from the way business is conducted to the way we communicate with each other, technology advancements are also affecting the way we teach and learn. According to the National Council for Accreditation of Teacher Education (NCATE), new skills needed in the workplace are catalysts that spur technology use in the classroom. It is clear that the business world demand schools to prepare educated workers who areRead MoreProviding More Technology Training For Teachers1457 Words   |  6 PagesThe need that prompted this project proposal is that of providing more technology training for teachers in order to address the ongoing desire for increased student achievement rates in our school and district. In the upcoming school year, our district will be rolling out a 1:1 initiative to provide devices for each student in our school (and all other schools in the county). The problem that comes along with this initiative is the la ck of knowledge and training that teachers have received to prepare

Safe Disposal of Wastewater †Disinfection Free Essays

2.1.4 Disinfection Disinfection is the primary mechanism for the inactivation or devastation of infective beings to forestall the spread of waterborne disease to downstream users and the environment. We will write a custom essay sample on Safe Disposal of Wastewater – Disinfection or any similar topic only for you Order Now ( Municipal Technology Branch U.S. EPA, 1999 ) Chlorination is the most common method of disinfection. Chlorine is effectual at killing most bacteriums, viruses and Protozoa that rise hazards to human wellness. The reactions of Cl in effluent are shown as below: Chlorine2+ H2O HOCl + H-Cl Chlorine Hypochlorous Gas Gas HOCl + OCl + H Hypochlorite Ion In chlorination intervention, Cl must be removed before treated H2O is released due to chlorine is itself toxic to marine life. Sodium bisulfite is added to the treated H2O to take any Cl residue. ( Patrick, n.d. ) Besides, ultraviolet light disinfection is a physical procedure that transportations electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of about 4 to 400 nanometers from a quicksilver discharge lamp to an being ‘s familial stuff ( DNA and RNA ) . When UV radiation, generated by an electrical discharge through quicksilver vapour, penetrates the familial stuff of micro-organisms and idiots their ability to reproduce. ( Anon. , 1999 ) UV disinfect at wavelength of about 254nm is most efficient for disinfection intent. This procedure adds nil to the H2O but UV light, therefore, there is no residuary consequence that can be harmful to worlds or aquatic life. In add-on, UV is an effectual germicide for chlorine-resistant Protozoa like Cryptosporidium and Giardia. However, UV disinfection is non every bit cost-efficient as chlorination. Recently, ozone has begun to acquire attending as a effluent disinfection method. Ozone is an unstable gas comprising of three O atoms, the gas will readily degrade back to O, and during this passage a free O atom or free group is formed. Most wastewater intervention workss generate ozone by enforcing a high electromotive force jumping current ( 6 to 20 kVs ) across a dielectric discharge spread that contains an oxygen-bearing gas. Ozone is a really strong oxidizer and viricide. It has greater disinfection effectivity in taking virus and bacteriums present in H2O due to direct oxidization or devastation of the cell wall with escape of cellular components outside of the cell, reactions with extremist byproducts of ozone decomposition and harm to the components of the nucleic acids. ( Anon. , 1999 ) Ozone is besides known to cut down the concentration of Fe, S and manganese and extinguish olfactory property and gustatory sensation jobs. Ozone oxides the manganese, sulfur and Fe into in dissoluble metal oxides. These indissoluble atoms are subsequently removed by filtration. Furthermore, ozone increases the O content of H2O, a good side-effect of disinfection. 2.1.5 Third Treatment After biochemical debasement of the sewerage in the secondary intervention, the clarified wastewater is farther treated to take non-biodegradable toxic organic pollutants, disable disease doing beings and viruses, and other man-made pollutants. ( Anon. , n.d. ) After this intervention, the waste H2O becomes relatively safer and can be discharged into the environment. There are three chief third intervention procedures, which are filtration, lagooning, and alimentary remotion. In the filtration procedure, sand or activated C are used to filtrate the effluent. The H2O is made to go through through a bed of sand activated C, so that the particulate affair in the H2O adheres to the filter medium and gets removed from the H2O. Sand filtration removes much of the residuary suspended affair whereas filtration over activated C removes residuary toxins. ( Anon. , n.d. ) Lagooning provides colony and farther biological betterment through storage in big semisynthetic pools or lagunas. These lagunas are extremely aerophilic and colonisation by native macrophytes, particularly reeds, is frequently encouraged. Small filter feeding invertebrates such as Daphnia and species of Rotifera greatly assist in intervention by consuming the biodegradable atoms in the sewerage H2O ( taking all right particulates ) . Removal of foods nitrogen and P is necessary as their inordinate release to the environment can take to a buildup of foods, called eutrophication that in a manner lead to the giantism of weeds, algae, and blue-green algaes ( bluish green algae ) . This lead to a phenomenon called Algae Bloom, where there is a rapid growing in the population of unsustainable algae which finally dies. As the bacterium works on the decomposition of these algae, they use up excessively much of O which may take to the decease of most of the aquatic biology which creates more organic affair for the bacteriums to break up. In add-on to doing deoxygenation, some algal species produce toxins that contaminate imbibing H2O supplies. Therefore, remotion of foods is indispensable measure in third effluent intervention. Phosphate remotion is achieved by precipitation as Ca phosphate. Besides, N is removed through the biological oxidization of N from ammonium hydroxide to nitrate ( nitrification ) , followed by the decrease of nitrate to nitrogen gas ( denitrification ) . Nitrogen gas is released in the ambiance and therefore removed from the H2O. ( Anon. , n.d. ) 2.1.6 Sludge Treatment Sludge is produced from the intervention of effluent in on-site ( infected armored combat vehicle ) and off-site ( activated sludge ) systems. The sludge are likely to incorporate microorganisms which may lend to the transmittal of diseases, every bit good as organic and inorganic contaminations which may be risky or toxic to worlds or have damaging effects on the environment in general. Therefore, all sludge must be treated before recycling or disposal and the grade of intervention depends on the intended concluding usage. The intervention procedure may affect thickener, dewatering, digestion, composting, and concluding disposal. 2.1.6.1 Sludge Thickening Thickening of sludge increases its solids content and reduces the volume of free H2O thereby minimising the unit burden on downstream procedures such as digestion and dewatering. The most normally used inspissating procedures include gravitation thickener, dissolved air floatation and extractor thickener. Gravity thickener is normally carried out in a round armored combat vehicle where the sludge is fed to the armored combat vehicle through a centre provender good. The provender sludge is allowed to settle and the thickened sludge is withdrawn from the underside of the armored combat vehicle. Conventional sludge roll uping mechanisms with deep trusses or perpendicular lookouts are used to stir the sludge gently thereby easing the release of H2O from the sludge. The supernatant flow is returned either to the primary subsiding armored combat vehicles or to the influent of the intervention works, whereas the thickened sludge is pumped to digesters or dewatering installations. Typically, sludge can be thickened to approximately 2 to 3 % for solids derived from activated sludge or RBC systems, whilst for primary sludge and dribbling filter sludge, they can be thickened to approximately 4 to 6 per centum solids concentration. ( Alturkmani, 2012 ) img alt="http://www.4enveng.com/userfiles/image/20024c0d61bfa2e737d233e3b9d48e3d.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0834141.001.jpg"/ Flotation thickener is a solid-liquid separation procedure. Separation is unnaturally induced by presenting all right gas bubbles into the floatation procedure system. The gas bubbles become affiliated to the solid particulates, organizing a gas-solid sum with an overall majority denseness less than the denseness of the liquid. Therefore, these sums float on the surface of the fluid. Once the solid atoms have been floated to the surface, they can be collected by a skimming operation. ( Lawrence K Wang, n.d. ) img alt="http://www.4enveng.com/userfiles/image/ProcSolidAirFlotationThickenersProcess.jpg" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0834141.002.jpg"/ Centrifuges are a compact, simple, flexible, self-contained unit. They have the disadvantages of high capitals, care and power costs and frequently a hapless, solids-capture efficiency if chemicals are non used for bio sludge. However, they have extra advantage of less infinite demand, less odour potency and housework demand. ( Anon. , n.d. ) Centrifugal thickener is acceleration of deposit through the usage of centrifugal force. Centrifuges are normally used for inspissating waste activated sludge. Primary sludge is usually non fed to centrifugate as it may incorporate scratchy stuff. img alt="Sludge" pic3="" src="https://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/aaimagestore/essays/0834141.003.jpg" thickening=""/ 2.6.1.2 Stabilzsation Stabilization is the term used to denote the procedure of biochemical O demand ( BOD ) decrease. The stabilisation procedure can be carried out under aerobic or anaerobiotic conditions. In anaerobiotic system, the sludge is passed through a well-mixed digester at 35 °C. The procedure is uninterrupted and takes 15-20 yearss. The organic stuff interruptions down in the digester to bring forth methane gas and C dioxide. The gas is burned to heat the digester or in really big workss to bring forth electricity through a combined heat and power works. Digested sludge has a low smell and H2O is easy removed to cut down volume. The procedure kills potentially harmful bacteriums and can be enhanced by usage of high force per unit area or sonic systems which destroy bacteriums cells. ( Anon. , n.d. ) Aerobic stabilisation is carry out in an aeration armored combat vehicle with the nowadays of O which is same manual as in an activated sludge procedure. Due to the high O demand, this procedure is energy intensive and high costs. In aerophilic digestion, sludge stabilisation is achieved when aerophilic and facultative micro-organisms convert biodegradable organic affair in an environment where aeration is provided. End merchandises of the digestion are chiefly C dioxide, H2O and non-biodegradable stuffs. 2.1.6.3 Sludge Conditioning Sludge conditioning is a procedure that sludge solids are treated with chemicals to fix the sludge for dewatering procedures. Chemical conditioning prepares the sludge for better economical intervention with vacuity filters or extractors. Sulfuric acid, alum, chlorinated copperas, ferric sulphate, and ferrous chloride with or without calcium hydroxide are common chemicals that used in this procedure. The intent of adding chemicals to the sludge is to take down or increase its pH value to a point where little atoms coagulate into larger 1s and the H2O in the sludge solids is given up most readily. Thermal conditioning has two rudimentss which are wet air oxidization and heat intervention. Wet air oxidization play a function in reduces the sludge to an ash whereas heat intervention improves the dewaterability of the sludge. This procedure produces a more readily dewaterable sludge and besides provides effectual disinfection of the sludge. Blending is a procedure where two or more types of sludge are â€Å"blended† together to ease a higher sludge solids concentration and a more homogeneous mixture of sludge prior to dewatering. Blending operations tends to diminish the chemical demand for conditioning and dewatering sludge. The blending operation normally takes topographic point in sludge keeping armored combat vehicles usually where primary sludge is assorted with waste activated sludge. ( Anon. , n.d. ) 2.1.6.4 Dewatering Sludge dewatering is a procedure that taking H2O from sludge. The most common manner to dewater sludge is to physically squash the H2O out of the sludge. The usual dewatering method are pressure filtration dewatering, belt imperativeness dewatering filtration, air sludge drying procedures, sludge dewatering centrifugation and vacuity filtration. Furthermore, a sludge desiccant can be utilized at the terminal of the procedure. Desiccants are oven like equipment that really bakes out the H2O. 2.1.6.5 Volume Decrease Sludge incineration is the thermic devastation of sludge by oxidization at high temperature, this procedure besides known as burning. The gases from burning must be kept at temperature of 677?C to 760?C until they are wholly burned. Wet air oxidization is one of the methods for the intervention of aqueous effluents. In wet air oxidization aqueous waste is oxidized in the liquid stage at high temperatures of 400K to 573 K and force per unit areas of 0.5MPa to 20 MPa in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas. ( Anon. , n.d. ) 2.1.6.6 Sludge Disposal 2.1.7 Safe Disposal of Wastewater Wastewater intervention workss must dispose of the remainders ensuing from effluent intervention. How to cite Safe Disposal of Wastewater – Disinfection, Essay examples

Canadian Agency Drugs Technologies Health -Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Canadian Agency Drugs Technologies Health? Answer: Introduction In todays world scenario, international comparisons are made to evaluate the performance of healthcare system being a fairly common approach that support or refute arguments for change in the healthcare system. The healthcare comparisons between countries are made influencing major policy moves and healthcare spending. Moreover, international healthcare system comparisons act as additional lens on quality of care that is provided nationally. Through healthcare comparison report assessment, policy-makers get benchmark allowing them to identify areas performing below or above expectations. More importantly, this comparison provides impetus for understanding the driving force for performance and guide them looking for potential solutions. However, international comparisons need funding arrangements serving different populations as well as facing challenges in limited resources, demographic change and rising costs. Therefore, to study the existing organizations and structures of healthca re systems, the following discussion involves comparisons made between two countries, Australia and United States on the following six parameters. Funding for healthcare systems is critical for achieving universal health coverage. The developments made in health financing areas determine that whether health services are available for everyone affording health services when required. Taking this parameter into consideration, Australias funding system gives access to comprehensive services that are funded publicly by general taxation-law. This system is responsible for funding healthcare services in territories and states delivering public health services and local governments providing environmental health programs. It is funded by different government levels from local to national level supported by health insurance (Aihw.gov.au, 2018). Medicare is funded and administered by Australian government consisting of three major healthcare components; medical services pharmaceuticals prescription and treatment given in hospitals jointly funded by Australian and territory/state governments. Although, there is Medicare levy, it comprise s of small part of total finance having high dependence on out of pockets with 17% of total expenditure. Funding through government dominates with total expenditure of 43% provided by Commonwealth and 25% by other levels of government exhibiting that Commonwealth plays a dominant role in the policy-making process. In Australia, total GDP health spending during the year 2015-2016, was $170.4 billion, $6.0 billion (3.6%)billion high than previous years where it was the consecutive fourth year where growth was seen to be below 10 average years - 4.7% (AIHW, 2018). On a contrary, United States healthcare funding system is high as compared to other countries as in this case, Australia putting a strain on overall economy that necessarily does not translate into better health. Like Australia, healthcare funding is paid by Medicaid and Medicare, private insurance plans (through employers) and individuals own funds or out-of-pocket funding system. Government insurance programs are the largest where Medicare funds healthcare for people with long-term treatment, disabled and elderly. Medicaid fund healthcare for the people with disabilities or living under poverty level. Private insurance is purchased from not-for-profit or for-profit insurance companies shared by employees and employers where amount of money spent by employers on health insurance of employee is not taxable for employee. Affordable Care Act (2014) intended to increase affordability, availability and health insurance usage creating incentives for employers providing health insurance. I n out of pocket system, people who are not covered under health insurance, people pay from their pockets. However, flexible spending and health savings accounts are offered by employers who choose to pay out of pocket health expenses through these small accounts. In 2016, U.S. GDP healthcare spending increased to 4.3% reaching $3.3 trillion ($10,348 per person). As a share of nations GDP, 17.9% is accounted for health spending (Cms.gov, 2018). The Australian health system and system governance is multi-layered sharing funding and responsibility by individuals, governments, private health insurers and health providers. Primary care is the primary level of care provided by GPs referring to Medicare services providing subsidised or free benefits. Acute care is provided in public or private hospitals. Public hospital provides treatment free to public patients subjected to long waiting hours. On the other hand, private hospitals work towards catering to the needs of patients who want private accommodation or choice of doctor including specialist services. Funding and regulation of health system is shared between Commonwealth, territory and state governments (Aph.gov.au, 2018). Commonwealth has responsibility at various levels. Medicare is the national scheme providing subsidised or free access to diagnostic, medical and allied services under Medical Benefits Schedule (MBS). General taxation revenue and 1.5% of Medicare levy fund Medicare that offset high-out-of pocket health costs. Pharmaceutical Benefits Scheme (PBS) subsidises the universal access to prescription medicines. The purchasing of vaccines, aged care services subsidization, medical research grants, veteran services, Aboriginal and TSI healthcare services, health professional education and national coordination for leadership and responding to health emergencies (Aph.gov.au, 2018). Territories and states are have the responsibilityfor administration , management of public hospitals, preventive services delivery, funding and management of mental health and, dental clinics, community services, ambulance and emergency services, patient transport schemes, subsidy, handling regulation and food safety and monitoring of other premises of health. Finally, territories, states and Commonwealth shares responsibilities under theCouncil of Australian Governments(COAG) that includes public hospital services funding, preventive services, shared palliative care, mental health services and national health emergency responds (Aph.gov.au, 2018). On a contrary, the U.S. health system governance is different from Australian system comprising of federal government, The U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS) being the principal agency for providing healthcare services. HHS comprises of many organizations; Centres for Medicare and Medicaid services, Centres for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Institutes of Health. Health Resources and Services Administration Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality are also present that is similar to Australian healthcare system mentioned above (International.commonwealthfund.org, 2018). Publicly financed healthcare is funded by Medicare through premiums, payrolls, federal general revenues that are tax-funded. Privately funded healthcare account for 39% is also similar too Australias private insurance system which is tax-exempt and voluntary premiums shared by workers and employers on employer-specific basis. Primary care accounts for one third of U.S. physicians operating in group or small self owned practices including nurses and clinical staffs paid by practice. In U.S. physicians are paid through negotiated fees, capitation and administrative set fees. Outpatient specialist care work in both hospital and private practice provide access to various specialists. Hospitals also include private hospitals who are paid through per-dim charges or per-service, bundled or per-case payments where hospitals are held accountable for services following discharge and readmissions. Mental health services are also provided that work through provider type and payer. Long-term care is provided by myriad of nonprofits and profit providers paid through provider type and payer. From the above comparison, it can be deduced that U.S healthcare costs are high and as compared to Australia ranking last overall. The U.S. quality of healthcare rank fifth, however in terms of equity, efficiency and citizen healthiness ranked last (International.commonwealthfund.org, 2018). Population Health Indicators like Infant Mortality Rate (IMR), Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR), and Life Expectancy at birth are also compared between the two countries. Among the MMR 2017 country rank list, Australia ranks 120th position (6 deaths/100,000 live births) whereas United States ranks 112 (114 deaths/100,000 live births) for the year 2015. This suggests that MMR is more in U.S. as compared to Australia indicating poor management during childbirth or complicated pregnancy for a specified year being worst in the list of developed countries. This also indicates that funding is poor in case of child and maternal health (aihw.gov.au, 2018). Infant mortality rate (IMR) for Australia as per 2015 statistics include 4.6 deaths/1,000 live births for males and 3.9 deaths/1,000 live births for males on an average of 4.3 deaths/1,000 live deaths. On a contrary, IMR for males is 6.3 deaths/1000 live births and 5.3 deaths/1,000 live births for females on an average 5.8 deaths/1,000 live deaths. This statistics clearly depict that there is lack of healthcare services, poor maternal health, postnatal and prenatal care contributing to increase IMR in U.S. as compared to Australia that shows better statistics (Abs.gov.au, 2018). Life expectancy at birth for females in Australia and U.S. is 84.1 and 81.1 (years) ranked 12th and 43th respectively. Based on this statistics, it can be concluded that life expectancy in Australia is 4% more as compared to U.S. In case of life expectancy at birth for males in Australia is 81.85 ranking 11th and 78.64 for U.S. ranking 40th in the world. This ranking suggests that it is again 4% more than U.S. This parameter also shows that better medical services are available in Australia than U.S (Abs.gov.au, 2018). Health System Performance Indicators are also compared between the two countries. Low birth weight infants in Australia as per 2015-2016 statistics is 1.4% as per Agpar scores depicting low scores it terms of birth weight weighing less than 1500 grams. On a contrary, in U.S. low birth weight accounts for 8.07% weigh below 2500 grams with 9.63% preterm born. This suggests that children are born in poor and unequal environments in U.S. as compared to Australia (Carinci et al., 2015). Obesity in Australia is 29% and 36.2% in United States respectively suggesting that it is major health issue in the country as compared to Australia giving rise to co-morbid conditions like coronary heart disease (Walls et al., 2012). In terms of diabetes, about 9.4% or 30.3 million people suffer from it as per 2015 statistics with 1.25 million suffering from type one diabetes. In Australia, 1.2 million (6%) people suffer from diabetes as per 2014-2015 statistics. This depicts that U.S. has high diabetes prevalence than Australia (Guariguata et al., 2014). As per 2016 statistics, 2.5 million people or 10.8% Australians had asthma during the year 2014-2015 that increased since 2008 (9.9%). Females has high asthma rates than males in 2014-2015 being asthma common and consistent over the years. In U.S. about 300 million people suffer from asthma showing that there is high prevalence in the country as compared to Australia as per 2017 statistics (Ford, 2015). This also shows that about m any children and women were prone to condition. Hypertension in U.S. is 54% or 75 million suggesting one in three adults suffering from it increasing cost of healthcare. About 11.3% or 2.6 million Australians have reported hypertension with highest prevalence among males than females with 12.0% and 10.7% respectively. In this parameter, it also suggests that U.S. has high hypertension prevalence than Australia (Venuthurupalli et al., 2018). As per American Cancer Society, in 2015 about 1.5 million people suffered from cancer, although a drop by 22%. Cancer in Australia is reported to be 410,530 people suffering from the disease. This parameter explains that cancer prevails more in U.S. than in Australia (Siegel et al., 2015). Taking the quality and safety of healthcare system into consideration, as declared by American researchers, Australian healthcare system ranked best among the developed countries as compared to United States. The mixed public-private system is the second best among the developed countries. The above statistics on MMR and IMR states that U.S. has the highest rate and experienced smallest reduction during the recent years despite of spending twice, performance in quality of healthcare is lacklustre. The healthcare system of Australia and U.S. is similar having mixed private-public structure where both private and public is providing funding delivering healthcare. However, there are differences in management, orientation and quality of healthcare delivery (Squires Anderson, 2015). Australian healthcare system believes in the fact that every person should have equal rights to health promoting equity. However, equity is in much debate. This equity is non-existent among U.S. healthcare system, as they believe that independence is associated with monetary success. Americans believe that people should be responsible for their health. This ideology has led to the inequality in healthcare with around 45 million people without any insurance coverage (Moses et al., 2015). On a contrary, Australian healthcare system opposes American system where equity is supported for public sector as compared to private sector. The privatized system has led to high quality of care and efficient service delivery with low waiting lists being the highest spender of money in healthcare. However, service delivery and quality of care is not efficient in Australia with long waiting hours making access to resources difficult. The access to healthcare is lacking as expensive healthcare costs m akes it greatly inaccessible for Americans (Mossialos et al., 2016). Therefore, from the above discussion, it can be concluded that although, healthcare spending is more in America, Australia provides better equity to healthcare services, although limited as compared to U.S. This is quite evident from the high rates of MMR, IMR, diabetes, obesity, hypertension when compared to Australian healthcare system. The mixed market of Australia although has short healthcare services efficiency, they produces more access and equity for their people as compared to U.S. References Abs.gov.au, (2018). Deaths, Australia, 2015. Retrieved 3 February 2018, from https://www.abs.gov.au/AUSSTATS/abs@.nsf/Previousproducts/3302.0Main%20Features52015?opendocumenttabname=Summaryprodno=3302.0issue=2015num=view= AIHW. 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