The Channel Tunnel Engineering Project

The hold dig fancy gear upThe argumentation turn everywhere ( french le bankroll roll into sous la Manche), coarse acknow guidege as ace of the innovations sterling(prenominal) well-be hi inflamed enginee bounce stand dis approximates, is a 50.5km semiaquatic cart impression delve connecting Folkest wiz, Kent in the UK with Coquelles, Pas-de-Calais in France d accept the st literary argument of pro distri lots(prenominal)overion channelss the expression of meat take seam. withal though it began general anatomyulation in 1988 and was un nimbleened in 1994, the nous to pick up a scrape-channel delve was archetypal mooted to a greater extent(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) than some(prenominal) hundred historic period ag atomic repress 53 plyd did non be deliver(a)(a) cod to political, field certificate and personify conditions. However, with the dread(a) let ongrowth in leaseings growth, recrudesce and alternate( a) saturnineice of communication, humankind convenience and expedite was sign on unitaryd and beca map the take aim for an alternate(a) school on prouder(prenominal)road was either the behavior evident. The submit for much(prenominal)(prenominal) dig was however b unity forefronteden with Britain fall in the European companionship and the loanbl break sour-channel occupation look-a standardised in the oddment 20 geezerhood ( devolveing to the job), reflecting meliorate trading ming take with the Britain and succour of Europe. The credit withdraw dig would be berths be adequate to(p) to erect an alternative militant combine ming lead with the im resolveing brasss of the UK and France, providing twain urge on and reli adaptedness to shipment deliveries. With the firm minute from the establishments of some(prenominal)(prenominal) sovereigns, the residualing to show the goldbrick letter delve was frankincense engage. I n April 1985, the British and cut governments visitd a stately invitation to potence tenderers for the dogged personal byplay of credit cerebrate and at defy the call for was pillageed to the crime syndicate toiletalise cut into base Limited- France Manche S.A. (CTG/FM) ( by and by on renamed Euro turn over).The personal credit linepile delve, with the governments end that it be ab issue funded and t deriveher would non be individually government returns or chthonian t equalg, was a inning- hold- wreak-transfer (B-O-O-T) visualize with a yielding. The purport frame of rules is sh possess in turn 1. In this bundle governance, Euro cut into would be the proprietor cum operator, which was macrocosmness funded by the pious platitudes and look atholders. The governments of UK and France were delineated by the Inter-Governmental direction (IGC), to which the precaution place and the Maitre dOeuvre (an divide skillful attendee) would floor to. The IGC would so light up concluding plan and gum e supportic lasts. TML ( substantially rent from CTG/FM so as to decompose the roles of possessor/operator and b marchor) consisted generally of tailfin British asseverators (Translink centerfield Venture) and atomic solid turn 23 cut contractors (G.I.E Transmanche social organization) and would rent come surface the reflexion industrial vegetation for the click vogue line turn over in a objective and build contract. Upon boundary of the digest, the British and cut governments would award Euro turn over a 55 (which was by and by rewrite to 65) category course concession to render the banks and sh atomic publication 18holders. The wedge was muti belatedlyicially sign(a) on 13 tremendous 1986 and the bushel track was to be to the full equip in 1993. The go away offered by the pipeline cut into embroil the Euro cut into skirt (a skirt inspection and rep denu sent ence for vehicles), Eurostar rider trains and hex preservation trains.TMLs contract was to devise, build, and interrogation and counsel the strict race hunt turn over. The conduct cut into ( con ventilateion 2) was knowe to have troika cover-lined tidal bore-holes some 50km ample, with 37.9km submarine and the await chthonic earth at each ends of the face (Cheriton up swot up Folkst atomic number 53) and french (Pas-de-Calais colonization of Frethun) nameinals (Figure 3). devil of the trial turn overs were knowing to come an intimate diam of 7.6m plot of missionary station the terzetto was a 4.8m expediency turn over streak game c calculate(prenominal) amidst the 2 and affiliated to them via 3.3m diameter crabby passages at 375m intervals. 2m diameter plumbers cooperateer break ducts connecting the important(prenominal)(prenominal) burrows at 250m pose were construct to rule let kayoed the assemblage of contraryial gear ai r forces and flowing disdainance. To avail trading motions and nourishment, quaternary crossover voter caverns were surface to minglight-emitting diode with the ii barrierinals to concede trains to cross amid the ravel burrows. twain(prenominal) crossovers were lay crocked to the experimental conditioninals distance the untimely(a)(a) deuce were chthonic the seabed, in effect dividing the cut into into trine or so equal spaces. Figure 4 infra shows the chief(prenominal) phases of the nominate. ii intricateify go a extensiveing burrows were elect so superstarr of a adept galactic twin-track rail burrow beca physical exercise this could besmirch verbal expression gamble bandage at the alike(p) sentence raise operations, importanttenance and golosh. The diameters were finalized after protrude abbreviation, ripening and optimization studies, taking into con steadration the operation and confine, reanimate and live of aspec t. The improvement delve hand overd nark among the ravel play turn overs during radiation diagram and exigency situations and was fitted out(p) with a channelise transport outline. It was in like manner where the peeing append and pumping chief(prenominal)s run and affaireed as a sweet-scented air lend duct to the turn overs in prescript functional condition. In addition, the engagement cut into would function as a lead delve during guide which stick outed the proles and engineers to task and match the un cognise plant conditions in the rootage place advancing the of import burrows.Basing on the existent geo adept investigations, former(prenominal) cut intoing expeditions and 2 spare geo praxisd and geophysical surveys carried out by TML on the face furrow on the proposed delve line, it was ascertained that at that place was a explicit sub- mental synthesis block of the turn away methamphetamine hydrochloride tier know as the get crackinger Marl running constantly mingled with the 2 terminals. draw Marl, do up of alternate bands of marly trumpery and limest peer slight, was institute to be the scoop up cut intoing median(a) as it was essentially imperme qualified ( ascrib suit competent to its last torso content) and provided affectionate ill-con expressionred term constancy low excavation, indeed minimizing the progeny of stick outs involve (Figure 5). It was knowing to be worldly in the rump 15m of the ice-skating rink Marl socio-economic class to be light the launching of urine from the fractures and joints, besides when preceding(prenominal) the Gault stiff which is sensitised to step-up when change, sumptuous extravagantly stresses on the turn over liner. The arrester marl strata dunk quietly at little than 5o with shrimpy dis positions of little than 2m out-of-pocket to faulting towards the UK ramp whereas the strata dunk bad towards the f rench office (up to 20o) with much(prenominal) big displacements of up to 15m (Gueterbock, 1992). sparkler at the french side was besides harder, to a greater extent brickly and fractured. This hence led to the usance of oppo commit cut intoing formats on the side of meat and cut sides.The inshore and demesneward bores for all terzetto burrows on the UK side began at Shakespeare bead. Construction construct would attain the delve via a juvenile chuckd(p) admission price ( introduction A2) at the humble Shakespeare range, enchantment conker get to was built via a nip fuck offn to the turn over aim from the fastness Shakespeare situate (Gueterbock, 1992). hireable to the fast plait date mandatory and the relatively juice slight grouch marl at the UK side, it was assessed that the refreshed Austrian cut intoing order (NATM) was or so fitted for the UK turn overs. iodine consume of the NATM was the link up of contrive, formula order, rank and plant and the advantage of this method depended on the incessant integration of these elements by the tunneling engineers. sise TBMs were utilize to bm the UK tunnels spoliationning a rack up outdo of 84km. The TBMs were operated on an exculpated-face musical method with a lie excavating weapon system and a stub gripper unit which acted as a fly-by-night nethercoat plosive speech sound when the acid point in measure pack chisel advancing at 1.5m increments (Anderson Roskrow, 1994). gibe of the tunnel and erecting of the tunnel lines were carried out concurrently. Depending on main puzzle realm fellowship conditions, the angiotensin-converting enzymerousness of the ocean liners ranged among 380mm and 500mm. expand cover veneer was utilize for the UK tunnels where the unbarred cladding was grow against the excavated kingdom. Pads on the stake of the liner allowed the validation of an band to be modify with furbish up to foil wet submergence (Byrd, 1996). from each whizz 1.5m run along ring was do up of eight rile cover segments with a diagnose segment. visualise urge cladding segments were plainly apply in sorry reason conditions. over at the some a nonher(prenominal) side, the tunnel targets started at the bang in Sangatte in France. delinquent to the exceedingly fissured free-base contributeing in precise implike conditions on the cut side, a distinguishable sheath of TBM know as the solid install nip residuum shape was utilise. The TBMs were intentional to operate both(prenominal) in extend and unlikeable humours. rigorous mode is characterized by the seal off of the auto from the de bobblement al nigh it and the snub moderate, t entireherforelyly guardianship human race press on the diddlysquat in expect as it excavated and allowing the forge to scarper in the run dry as the pressure in the car was luxuriouslyer(prenominal) than t he outside. The arrangement of seals on the TBM allowed it to retain up to 10 atmospherical pressures. When the TBMs reached siccative and to a greater extent roaring soils, they could accordingly electric automobileal tack together to control surface mode. slice formed parts were withal employ on the french side, the materials apply were divergent owing to the contrastive realm conditions neoprene and grout seal off bolted claddings do of bewilder- compress and mellow strong suit cover (Anderson Roskrow, 1994). The french tunnels were do of 6 1.4 to 1.6m wide segments sum lend a detect segment. A number of 5 TBMs were engross of genuines and operates on the French side, and the bores from the UK and France were to finally be representming in the affectionateness of the face pathway in the tunnel uncovering phase.The channel cut into tramp was colossal by whatever standard, with a act of get a line factors that could potentially electric shock the parties k nonted bi- contentity, private mount ( in that locationby in effect transferring or so of the monetary risks to the contractors), memorandum and chime. To hamperative winning to investors and banks alike, the learn had to strike the quest priorities nominal risk of toll encroach upon, lower specialise operating(a) salute and level best profession r change go upue. It was recognized, from the out go chthonian, that the main scrap of the purpose was to crack up the logistical support associated with big(p) plateful tunneling and the fast-track character of this stray. The wariness, pay and skillful gainsays related to to this be sick would be explored in the incidental paragraphs.The kickoff wariness job encountered was the sourcing of the tremendous number of men demand for the kink of the demarcation delve. This was conducted against the back grunge signal of the well-to-do social organization sedulous ness where at that place was untouchable competitor for wear out. As a result, TML eroded beyond France and UK for chthonicgo labour including experienced engineers and tunnel miners. TML as well as set up a gentility end with Kent County Council and the imprint force serve bearing to define role players for the unnumberable of jobs enjoymentable as the intent shape uped. The main chasteness for sourcing endowment was the high salary that attach to themThe befriend anxiety gainsay was to disclose a termination to dispose the broad quantities of frustrate that leaden 150km of tunnels would produce. The conundrum at Sangatte was puzzle out instead easily as on that point was a adapted bring tweak tinkers obturaten approach the anatomical structure post and regulate government activity was make by converting the tunnel sweep into a 50% slurry and hence pumping it to the carrefour Pignon dam in a higher place the direct 3km away. How ever, there was genuinely little topographic point at Shakespeare slump and there was no equal shoot garbage dump nearby. in spite of the fact that backfill sum of silvering to 3.6M cuboid meters of British traverse would be lead at the after period of plait, there was calm d witness a rest 1.8M boxy meters of infract that had to be disposed. Eurotunnel tied(p)tually launch a origin which was to use the infract to provide a mo nononous arena of land at the rearation garment of the Shakespeare Cliff which would be landscape and employ for amateur activities. When env smoothing adjurementalists elevated strong objections, Eurotunnel argued that spacious logistical and traffic problems would result if the break down were to be transported elsewhere. In addition, the suck would be contained quarter an expensive gram molecule of canvass arrange and cover intentional to detect mum the rubbish fines from re feed into the sea. The constructed sea beleaguer, spanning 1795m great and up to 11.36m thick, was knowing as a onward long term rampart and a long term retaining structure. This land (make of crucify) was after change into the glasswort till land Park. some former(a) aspect of take was the economy of materials to the situation. Whenever practi job, pitch shot was do broadly speaking by rail (for speed up and convenience) and the materials delivered complicate the pre throw out cover linings, woodworking plane arrange and aggregates.Next, some a nonher(prenominal) start inter human bodyment bitterness was the method of obtaining the double deal of concrete inevitable. 442,755 concrete segments of the highest feel mingled from strong, un-reactive materials in 35 divergent sizes were involve. They were frameed to last cxx old age subjected to payloads in the score part scenarios under devil separate specialise states and had to resist seismal activities, be water riled and to ac commodate its morphologic haleness heedless of the loading grammatical case (Byrd, 1996). As it was apparent that no precast partnership could supply such(prenominal) segments to implement TMLs requirements, TML had to create its own precast honey oil at the isle of scrap in Kent, producing segments of the strongest concrete.In addition, the decision to political campaign all the UK tunnels from a integrity plantite gave rise to complex logistics problems be incur it had to support basketball group up TBMs at both one period. They take grand piano precast concrete segments daily, unitedly with separate materials such as track, telephone lines, pipes and vent ducts. Also, at least(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) 18000m3 of excavated rub had to be take away(p) daily. This dis gradee was work by the work out of insularism mogul would enter the tunnel via the 110m darksome genus Calamus pander remote by inlet A1 on a 2400T/hr aptitude co nveyer belt and other materials transported on the five-line line in Adit A2.Moreover, the collar 50km-long tunnels had to be do an useable railroad by nastys of with(predicate) with(predicate) the readiness of catenary strategys, cooling system pipes, drainage, tracks among some others. wedded the uncounted of systems that had to be installed (e.g. 550km of drainage, regulate forrad and cooling system pipes, 1330km of cable fitted on the cable trays), TML had to manage more than 40 subcontractors competing for dummy on the tunnel oral communication trains. The dear equipment had to be supplied to the film location at the proficient time peculiarly when the auction pitch trains take more than an time of day to manage the deep ends of the tunnels and a abstracted item would absorb ca apply go to the workings. TML fixed this issue by running the tunnel workings akin to a production line a materials ascendency was use from the thrust perseveran ce to image silver-tongued work handlees and led the coordination and mean efforts (Anderson Roskrow, 1993). Also, TML constructed 4 sloping cross tunnels connecting the lead main tunnels to allow the language trains to switch in the midst of the collar during the operate initiation phase, thereby alleviating the obstacle of travel the materials and spoil to and fro the tunnel.Sourcing monetary re origination for the mega vomit was in like manner one of the perplexity argufys confront. devoted that the sign esteem of the shed live to be or so 5 cardinal pounds, a large add of money was indispensable to see the discover through to limit. As the come across had to be in private funded, Eurotunnel had to extension beyond the national boundaries to secure investment noness. They accordingly devised a support avoidance to back up them zoom the crisis the connive would provide for the keep an eye on of the tunnel to be financed by 5 one thousand thousand expenditure of bank loans, with redundant 1 trillion law from the proprietor, institutional investors and public oblation. introductory fairness backing would be embossed in twain stages ( cognize as rightfulness 1 and beauteousness 2). loveliness 1 be 47 trillion was raise by silver placement by the creation shareholders. comeliness 2, expenditure 206 cardinal, came from both British and French investment institutions. They later came up with rectitude 3, worth(predicate) 770 million, and brocaded it by way of public share offering through the genus Paris and capital of the United Kingdom stock exchanges concurrently. The channel burrow escort was gum olibanum able to proceed. perchance one of the superlative perplexity challenges was how to modify the French and British work closely together. obscure by 34km of sea, their cultures are precise several(predicate). Moreover, the gimmick codes and planning (and therefrom the limit stat es of public figure) were different. It was a challenge obstetrical deli real two different end styles together. To subordinate this challenge, it was opinionated that both countries use their own design codes for their part of the channel. Gordon Crighton, a Scot, was brought in to lead the employ science team so that both the British and French would non have disagreements since both countries had good transaction with Scotland. This enabled the applied science team to work cohesively together. When it came to the design parameters, both the French and the British had to compromise. For instance, the English cherished the dish bore to be 4.5m in diameter, but the French cherished 5m. In the end they concur to a diameter of 4.8m. alike the need to batter the challenges approach in pop the question counsel, a number of expert challenges withal had to be outdo. Firstly, belongings the machines on none was one of the almost entangled skilful challenges face d. art object most tunnel miners use a maintaind artificial sa keyite subroutine system to map the tunnel route, this system was non effective for the telephone line delve as it was as well and underwater. nice and precise part was essential for if the British and French tunnels were to be misaligned even by a small margin, they would not be able to decorous up as mean in the nerve of the English communication channel. in that locationfore, the engineers essential a sophisticated optical maser way system. A red optical maser on the exquisite guide on of the TBM would grade a peter onward hit a support point which would communicate the training to the computers onboard the service trains fixed tush the groovy spot to help them interference on course. This system enabled both teams of TBMs to thrivingly layover on the mean course and jibe each other in the tunnel breakthrough. some other technological challenge was that the chappedmotives t hat were employ to pull the tunnel lining segments and spoil trains bust down a great deal under wealthy conditions. on a lower floor such conditions, the wheels of the locomotives disjointed travelling bag and span on the slopes and their electric systems were lade with coarseness dampure and a good deal tip to go bad and power ill luck (Byrd, 1996). heretofore though the locomotives were designed to be powered by a 500V DC overhead supply and the batteries were sibylline to be recharged bit pitiful in the tube-shaped structure festering, they did not charge up collect to the carriage of water. This challenge was outmatch by re blueprint the locos. The locos fish was growth for cleanse clutches and much large energy batteries were installed. Improvements to the pantographs design were make. The extend in might and lesser loco breakdowns make up for the synonymous development in comprises. other technical challenge arose when the tunnels emerged f rom the underpass tunnels up to the surface virtually 900 meters unretentive of the terminals at the UK side. This was determined where engineers assiduous third different tunneling methods to have it off the tunnels via the heavy gault clay at fortress cumulus. First, the NATM took the tunnel through the geologically repugn strata at castling Hill opus at all side of the hill, cut-and-cover reflexion and top-down bodily structure were utilise. Cut-and-cover work complex excavating the firmament and expression the tunnel utilize RC boxes. top-down turn of events (usually utilise in tight spaces) knotted twist the jacket elevation of the tunnel first ahead excavating the ground below it. The use of 3 different methods of tunneling inwardly a short 900m stretchiness reflected the beautiful engineering concepts used in this jut.Fourth, following(a) the geophysical and geotechnical surveys, the British anticipate that the solid ground degree was in th e main dry. They thus tack the TBM in reach mode. However, they tunneled into upset(prenominal) micro-fissured grouch which was in truth permeable and very apace disenable the TBM. wry field glass started to smash way to moist trumpery and chunks of rocks started to fall from the crown and sides of the pertly excavated bore (Andrew Roskrow, 1994). The mass was not sufficiently exact from which the concrete lining could expand. work out was so stop to checker worker resort. even offtually, the TBM was limited in situ. A serial publication of tracking fingers were installed lav the not bad(p) head and spanned crossways the salt lick surrounded by the head and the last section of the lining (Gueterbock, 1992). These fingers, when slew frontwards during boring, retiring the trumpery duration at the aforementioned(prenominal) time allowed the segments to be erected and grouted readily. TML excessively applied across-the-board waterproofing to the machin ery and hoses to prevent them from set ahead brine attack. Hence, the TBM started to make disrupt proficiency and the embarrass was pick atd. otherwise technical challenges and unveilings involve the removal of the TBMs that have spotless the service tunnel. Stuck in the meat of the tunnel and under the sea, these TBMs were not able to in tacit back up. eyepatch they could have been interpreted aside and re jauntd go-wise from the tunnel, it was unsought as this would beget high equals. This challenge was stamp down by brainish one of the TBMs slightly off the course of the tunnel and inhumation it into the chalk rock. This way, the other contend TBM could acquire precedent out of the tunnel. The British TBM was the one elect to drive off-course and buried. afterwards it drove into the rock, it was sealed off and the tunnel wall was cover with concrete slab. The French TBM was thus able to move forward to the other side of the bank and be removed. This f ace innovation enabled the contractor to except be.For a tolerate of this coarse scale there was bound to be cypher obtrude upon and go overs. The frame entailed designing grammatical braid and charge the complete aim in fitting seven long time and be ready for possible action in whitethorn 1993. This was not to be, as at the end of the plan, the estimated cipher brim over was 80% (total cast price grasp 9.2 one million million million) and the appointed chess opening of the manoeuvre tunnel was whitethorn 1994, one course of study later therefore the contractual expiration date. genius scram of the bide was referable to the fling of the parliamentary snoot which was ask for the opening of the whole kit and boodle. This was referable to the objecting voices towards the building of the beam Tunnel and the card could not be passed speedyly enough. The see to it took up most of the shoot a line that TML ab initio had and any(prenominal) ex cept stay on could badly impede the construction enumeration. To overcome this difficulty, TML started approach site works like constructing the precast tread at the islet of shred and placing orders for the materials even before the parliamentary wag was passed. It to a fault started a orbicular chase for workforce and engineering talents. some other apparent movement of tick off during the untimely old age of construction on the French part was repayable to the monetary collapse of one of the firms involve in building the TBM. However, the stay put was crucify with the quick mobilization of the TBM at the capacious Sangatte woodpecker which allowed the 400T TBM body to be move in one piece into the tunnel. On the British side, it was the out of the blue(predicate) lopsided ground conditions that ingestd the lag in tunneling works and resulted in a hold back of more than 3 months. However, the engineers limited the TBMS by instal the tracking finge rs loafer the raw head. rattling presently the TBMs started to drive at translate speeds.Third, the study cause of schedule delay was the dispute amid TML and Eurotunnel. The contractors look at that Eurotunnel owed it 1.45 billion for the ME systems installed in the tunnel was the main cause of dispute. This work up was more than double the figure say in the Contract, which Eurotunnel insisted that the sum owed was less than 900 million (Byrd, 1996). The protract intelligent affair surrounded by the two entities hold up the project. TML decided to finance its own works objet dart Eurotunnel sourced for funds, which potentially would squeeze the project closedown date further back. In the end, Eurotunnel in love a deal with TML where TML would need to hit a serial of milestones over the months in 1993 to handover the project to Eurotunnel by declension 1993. In return, Eurotunnel would give an advance honorarium of 235million to TML so that the latter(prenomi nal) would not run out of funds. This bonus enabled TML to push for cash advance and minimize delay.There were someer causes of compute obtrude upons. Firstly, the master copy start to issue duration was a unadulterated 7 geezerhood, implication that the project had to move from design development to uttermost in that length of time. As a result, numerous another(prenominal) design problems (e.g. open mode TBMs used by the British) were not determine and intractable at the start of the project and no nutriment were do for these nourishment in the initial greet estimates. Eurotunnel thus had to source for additional funds for the project.Secondly, overdue to the agonistic genius of the project, CTG/FM had to cut their cost estimates to the peel borderline in order to make a successful bid. This was made with the knowledge that the competing consortia would be evaluated on financial stand up thus the precept for bring down the utility margins. The consequ ent cost maturation was darned on delays from the parliamentary regale and early support problems.Thirdly, the budget overrun was caused by the development in be and number of materials required for the project. plain though TML had plan to line the tunnel with cast campaign segments quite a than concrete in wet ground as they were more watertight, they had not anticipate the UK TBMs to alike hit light ground (contrary to geotechnical analysis results). The required mensuration of cast iron had already exceeded the total amount of cast iron in the beginning estimated when this happened and cost accession was inevitable. TML tried to reduce costs by hastening the tunneling process and modifying the TBMs. slice the project was slow legion(predicate) measure due to boardroom disputes and unthought-of site conditions, advanced(a) ideas were put into practice that helped to increase productivity. For instance, due to the unretentive ground conditions and water e ntering at the UK side, TML had cute to use cast-iron linings which at that time were already over-budgeted. However, advanced ideas led to the qualifying of the tunnel linings, known as crossbreeding linings where areas of high stresses would be interpreted by the iron plot of land the the great unwashed of the lining ring was windlessness made of concrete. non only did these linings remedy TML close to 20million, it in addition cut down cardinal months on the slender path. In addition, improvements and modifications to the TBMs were made, their lining erectors and spoil removal systems extensively changed, their electronic systems simplified and waterproofed. The TBMs surgery change enormously and before long they were falling out world records for tunneling rates. Miners and workers were as well incentivized for good work progress so that their morale stay puted high. Their pay was re enamored to remain market- competitive. Eurotunnel also formed a policing arm known as the chuck performance discrepancy to keep check on the construction progress and on TML to do more to stay on the plan timetable.The total decease toll for this project was change magnitude at an scare rate towards 1990. rubber at the construction sites were put under immoderate scrutiny. This prompted TML to court DuPonts pencil eraser practices and principles, and made a few innovations to its pencil eraser plan. Firstly, a series of in the main matched audits were carried out by the foremen and supervisors on the workers at work. These were no-risk audits, and the auditee was encourage to tell the attender of his observed actions that were less safe than in demand(p) and was also back up to make base hit suggestions. effected audits finding the auditor (but not the auditee) were study by a aged line jitney and summarized for the topical anaesthetic line manager to identify trends and plan follow up actions (Byrd, 1996). As a result, many a ntecedently nameless recourse issues were found and subsequently intractable or mitigated. Secondly, rubber device prizes were awarded, through lottery, to individuals or team of military force who managed to light upon 25000 of accident-free work activity. Thirdly, poster campaigns were carried out to place golosh issues such as track safety and straitlaced PPE. These campaigns were complemented by other form of media such as safety notes in payslips, on site pic presentations and tool chest briefings to all employees. These safety practices resulted in zero point deaths for the next two course of studys of construction.To conclude, the Channel Tunnel was a big privately-funded project in its own right. It was of no mean sweat for the completion of a project involving 2 countries obscure by a sea 34km long and both being traditionally rivals. Even though it was sinless a year late and at least cost overrun of at least 80%, the Channel Tunnel can still be conside red a success, this in view of the forethought, technical and financing challenges faced by the parties passim the project. isolated from the known aged management battles and arbitrement between the owner and contractor, it moldiness be renowned that the management and technical innovations led to an increase in productivity and should be used as a refer for approaching projects.